Color imaging apparatus

ABSTRACT

A color imaging apparatus comprising: a color imaging element comprising a plurality of pixels and color filters of a color filter array arranged on the plurality of pixels, the color filter array including first filters corresponding to a first color that most contributes to obtaining luminance signals and second filters corresponding to two or more second colors, and the first filters including two or more sections adjacent each other in horizontal, vertical, and oblique directions; a direction determination unit acquiring pixel values of pixels of the two or more sections of the first filters near a target pixel of demosaicking processing and determining a correlation direction of luminance; a demosaicking processing unit that calculates a pixel value of another color at a pixel position of the target pixel and that uses one or more pixels of another color in the correlation direction to calculate the pixel value.

This application is a continuation application and claims the prioritybenefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 of PCT Application No. PCT/JP2011/067420filed on Jul. 29, 2011 which application designates the U.S., and alsoclaims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of Japanese PatentApplications No. 2011-042831 filed on Feb. 28, 2011 and No. 2011-162413filed on Jul. 25, 2011, which applications are all hereby incorporatedin their entireties by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a color imaging apparatus, andparticularly, to a color imaging apparatus that can suppress generationof color moire.

BACKGROUND ART

In a color imaging apparatus including a single-plate color imagingelement, an output image from the color imaging element is a RAW image(mosaic image). Therefore, a multi-channel image is obtained by aprocess of interpolating a pixel of a missing color from a surroundingpixel (demosaicing processing). In this case, there is a problem inreproduction characteristics of a high-frequency image signal.

A primary-color Bayer array as a color array most widely used in thesingle-plate color imaging element includes green (G) pixels arranged ina check pattern and red (R) and blue (B) arranged line-sequentially.Therefore, there is a problem of low-frequency coloring (color moire)caused by folding of high frequency signals exceeding reproduction bandsof the colors and caused by deviation of phases of the colors.

For example, a black and white oblique high frequency image as shown inFIG. 14(A) enters an imaging element in a Bayer array shown in FIG.14(B), and the image is sorted into Bayer color arrays to compare thecolors. As shown in FIGS. 14(C) to 14(E), R and B form light and flatcolor images, while G forms a dark and flat color image. Assuming thatthe value of black is 0 and the value of white is 255, the black andwhite oblique high frequency image turns green, because only G is 255.In this way, the oblique high frequency image cannot be correctlyreproduced in the Bayer array.

In the color imaging apparatus using the single-plate color imagingelement, an optical low-pass filter formed by an anisotropic substancesuch as crystal is generally arranged on the front side of the colorimaging element to prevent optically reducing the high frequency wave.However, although the coloring caused by folding of the high frequencysignal can be reduced in the method, there is a problem that theresolution is reduced accordingly.

To solve the problem, a color imaging element is proposed, wherein acolor filter array of the color imaging element is a three-color randomarray satisfying array restrictions in which an arbitrary target pixelis adjacent to three colors including the color of the target pixel onfour sides of the target pixel (PTL 1).

An image sensor of a color filter array is also proposed, wherein theimage sensor includes a plurality of filters with different spectralsensitivity, and first and second filters among the plurality of filtersare alternately arranged in a first predetermined period in one of thediagonal directions of a pixel grid of the image sensor and arealternately arranged in a second predetermined period in the otherdiagonal direction (PTL 2).

Meanwhile, PTL 3 describes a technique of using surrounding pixels of atarget pixel of a mosaic image in a Bayer array to calculatecorrelations in horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions(four directions), and weights are applied according to ratios of thecalculated correlations to interpolate the pixels.

An image apparatus including a color imaging element is also proposed,wherein R and B among the three primary colors of RGB are arranged everythree pixels in horizontal and vertical directions, and G is arrangedbetween R and B (PTL 4). In the color imaging element described in PTL4, G pixels that most contribute to obtaining luminance signals arearranged much more than RB pixels, on the ground that the resolution ofcolor difference signals can be lower than the resolution of theluminance signals. This can increase the resolution in the horizontaland vertical directions.

CITATION LIST Patent Literature {PTL 1}

-   Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-308080

{PTL 2}

-   Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-136766

{PTL 3}

-   Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-104019

{PTL 4}

-   Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-23543

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

The three-color random array described in PTL 1 is effective forlow-frequency color moire, but is not effective for a false color of ahigh frequency section.

In the color filter array of the image sensor described in PTL 2, the R,G, and B filters are periodically arranged in the lines in thehorizontal and vertical directions of the color filter array. Indemosaicing processing of a mosaic image output from the image sensorincluding the color filter array in the invention described in PTL 2, alocal area in a predetermined image size is extracted around the targetpixel, statistics related to a color distribution shape of the color ofthe target pixel in the local area and a color distribution shape ofanother color to be estimated are calculated, and the color distributionshapes are linearly regressed based on the intensity of the colors atthe target pixel position and the statistics of the color distributionshapes to thereby calculate an estimation value of the another color atthe target pixel position. The calculation of the statistics (covariancevalues) related to the color distribution shapes and the regressioncalculation process are necessary in the invention described in PTL 2,and there is a problem that the image processing is complicated.

Meanwhile, the pixel interpolation method described in PTL 3 is appliedto a mosaic image in a Bayer array. However, G pixels are notconsecutive in the horizontal and vertical directions in the Bayerarray, and the correlations in the horizontal and vertical directionscannot be calculated at minimum pixel intervals. For example, thecorrelations are falsely determined when a vertical-striped orhorizontal-striped high frequency wave is input, and there is a problemthat the pixels cannot be accurately interpolated.

The ratio of the G pixels relative to the RB pixels in the color imagingelement described in PTL 4 is higher than the ratio in the Bayer array,and the resolution in the horizontal and vertical directions can beincreased. However, the RGB signals output from the color imagingelement are uniformly synchronized by interpolation filters in theimaging apparatus described in PTL 4, and there is a problem that afalse color is easily generated.

The present invention has been made in view of the circumstances, and anobject of the present invention is to provide a color imaging apparatusthat can suppress generation of a false color of a high frequencysection by simple image processing.

Solution to Problem

To attain the object, an invention according to an aspect of the presentinvention includes: a single-plate color imaging element including: aplurality of pixels including photoelectric conversion elements arrangedin horizontal and vertical directions; and color filters of apredetermined color filter array arranged on the plurality of pixels,wherein the color filter array includes first filters corresponding to afirst color that most contributes to obtaining luminance signals andsecond filters corresponding to two or more second colors other than thefirst color, the first and second filters being periodically arranged,and the first filters include two or more sections adjacent to eachother in horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions; an imageacquisition unit that acquires a mosaic image corresponding to the colorfilter array from the color imaging element; a direction determinationunit that acquires, for a target pixel of demosaicing processingextracted from the mosaic image, pixel values of pixels corresponding tothe first filters near the target pixel and adjacent to each other inthe horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions and thatdetermines which one of the horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW)directions is a correlation direction of luminance based on the pixelvalues of the adjacent pixels; a demosaicing processing unit thatcalculates a pixel value of another color at a pixel position of thetarget pixel of the demosaicing processing extracted from the mosaicimage and that uses one or more pixel values of one or more pixels ofanother color in the correlation direction determined by the directiondetermination unit to calculate the pixel value; and a control unit thatrepeatedly operates the direction determination unit and the demosaicingprocessing unit while shifting the target pixel of the demosaicingprocessing extracted from the mosaic image by a target pixel unit of thedemosaicing processing.

The color filter array of the color imaging element includes sectionswhere two or more first filters that most contribute to obtaining theluminance signals are adjacent to each other in the horizontal,vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions (four directions). Therefore,which one of the four directions is the correlation direction ofluminance can be determined at minimum pixel intervals based on thepixel values of the pixels adjacent to each other in the directions. Inthe calculation of the pixel value of another color at the pixelposition of the target pixel of the demosaicing processing extractedfrom the mosaic image, one or more pixel values of the one or morepixels of another color in the determined correlation direction can beused to accurately estimate the pixel value of the pixel of anothercolor, and the generation of the false color at the high frequencysection can be suppressed.

In the color imaging apparatus according another aspect of the presentinvention, the predetermined color filter array of the color imagingelement includes a basic array pattern including the first and secondfilters, the basic array pattern is repeatedly arranged in thehorizontal and vertical directions, and one or more of the first filtersand one or more of the second filters are arranged in each line in thehorizontal and vertical directions of the basic array pattern. One ormore of the first filters and one or more of the second filters arearranged in each line in the horizontal and vertical directions of thebasic array pattern. Therefore, the generation of color moire (falsecolor) in the horizontal and vertical directions can be suppressed toimprove the resolution. The basic array pattern is repeated in thehorizontal and vertical directions in the color filter array. Therefore,demosaicing (interpolation) processing in a later stage can be executedaccording to the repeated pattern.

Preferably, in the color filter array of the color imaging apparatusaccording to another aspect of the present invention, the first filtersare arranged at a center and four corners of a 3×3 pixel group, and the3×3 pixel group is repeatedly arranged in the horizontal and verticaldirections. The first filters are arranged at four corners of the 3×3pixel group. Therefore, if the 3×3 pixel group is repeatedly arranged inthe horizontal and vertical directions, the color filter array includessquare arrays corresponding to 2×2 pixels including the first filters.The pixel values of the 2×2 pixels can be used to determine thedirection with high correlation among the horizontal, vertical, andoblique (NE, NW) directions.

Preferably, in the color filter array of the color imaging apparatusaccording to another aspect of the present invention, the first filtersare vertically and horizontally arranged across a filter at a center ofa 3×3 pixel group, and the 3×3 pixel group is repeatedly arranged in thehorizontal and vertical directions. The first filters are vertically andhorizontally arranged across the filter at the center of the 3×3 pixelgroup. Therefore, if the 3×3 pixel group is repeatedly arranged in thehorizontal and vertical directions, the first filters are adjacent toeach other (in two pixels) in the horizontal and vertical directionsacross the filter at the center of the 3×3 pixel group in the colorfilter array. The pixel values of the pixels (eight pixels in total)corresponding to the first filters can be used to determine thecorrelation direction of the four directions.

In the color imaging apparatus according to another aspect of thepresent invention, the direction determination unit calculatesdifference absolute values of pixel values of adjacent pixels in each ofthe horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions and determinesa direction with a minimum difference absolute value among thedifference absolute values in the directions as the correlationdirection.

In the color imaging apparatus according to another aspect of thepresent invention, the direction determination unit calculates ratios ofpixel values of adjacent pixels in each of the horizontal, vertical, andoblique (NE, NW) directions and determines a direction with the ratioclosest to 1 among the ratios in the directions as the correlationdirection.

A plurality of difference absolute values or ratios may be calculatedfor each of the directions, and a sum or an average value of theplurality of difference absolute values or an average value of theratios may be calculated for each of the directions. In this case, thecorrelation direction can be determined more accurately.

In the color imaging apparatus according to another aspect of thepresent invention, the demosaicing processing unit sets the pixel valueof a pixel of another color in the correlation direction determined bythe direction determination unit as the pixel value of the another colorat the pixel position of the target pixel, or sets a value obtained byinterpolating the pixel values of a plurality of pixels of another colorin the correlation direction determined by the direction determinationunit as the pixel value of the another color at the pixel position ofthe target pixel.

In the color imaging apparatus according to another aspect of thepresent invention, if there is no pixel of the another color in thecorrelation direction determined by the direction determination unit,the demosaicing processing unit interpolates the pixel value of thetarget pixel based on a color difference or a color ratio at the pixelpositions of the pixels of the another color near the target pixel tocalculate the pixel value of the another color. The color difference andthe color ratio at the pixel positions of the pixels of the anothercolor denote a difference (color difference) and a ratio (color ratio)between the pixel value of the pixel at the pixel position and the pixelvalue of the another color already estimated by the directiondetermination in the correlation direction.

In the color imaging apparatus according to another aspect of thepresent invention, the color filters include R filters, G filters, and Bfilters corresponding to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors,wherein when the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is a Gpixel, the pixel value is G, and there are no R and B pixels in thecorrelation direction determined by the direction determination unit, ifthe pixel values of R and B pixels near the G pixel are R and B, and thepixel values of G at the pixel positions of the pixels are G_(R) andG_(B), the demosaicing processing unit calculates pixel values R_(G) andB_(G) of the R and B pixels at the position of the target pixel byfollowing formulas

R _(G) =G+(R−G _(R)) and B _(G) =G+(B−G _(B)), wherein

when the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is an R pixel, thepixel value is R, and there are no G and B pixels in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination unit, if the pixelvalues of G and B pixels near the R pixel are G and B, and the pixelvalues of R at the pixel positions of the pixels are R_(G) and R_(B),the demosaicing processing unit calculates pixel values G_(R) and B_(R)of the G and B pixels at the position of the target pixel by followingformulas

G _(R) =R+(G−R _(G)) and B _(R) =R+(B−R _(B)), and wherein

when the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is a B pixel, thepixel value is B, and there are no G and R pixels in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination unit, if the pixelvalues of G and R pixels near the B pixel are G and R, and the pixelvalues of B at the pixel positions of the pixels are B_(G) and B_(R),the demosaicing processing unit calculates pixel values G_(B) and R_(B)of the G and R pixels at the position of the target pixel by followingformulas

G _(B) =B+(G−B _(G)) and R _(B) =B+(R−B _(R)).

In the color imaging apparatus according to another aspect of thepresent invention, the color filters include R filters, G filters, and Bfilters corresponding to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors,wherein when the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is a Gpixel, the pixel value is G, and there are no R and B pixels in thecorrelation direction determined by the direction determination unit, ifthe pixel values of R and B pixels near the G pixel are R and B, and thepixel values of G at the pixel positions of the pixels are G_(R) andG_(B), the demosaicing processing unit calculates pixel values R_(G) andB_(G) of the R and B pixels at the position of the target pixel byfollowing formulas

R _(G) =G×(R/G _(R)) and B _(G) =G×(B/G _(B)), wherein

when the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is an R pixel, thepixel value is R, and there are no G and B pixels in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination unit, if the pixelvalues of G and B pixels near the R pixel are G and B, and the pixelvalues of R at the pixel positions of the pixels are R_(G) and R_(B),the demosaicing processing unit calculates pixel values G_(R) and B_(R)of the G and B pixels at the position of the target pixel by followingformulas

G _(R) =R×(G/R _(G)) and B _(R) =R×(B/R _(B)), and wherein

when the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is a B pixel, thepixel value is B, and there are no G and R pixels in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination unit, if the pixelvalues of G and R pixels near the B pixel are G and R, and the pixelvalues of B at the pixel positions of the pixels are B_(G) and B_(R),the demosaicing processing unit calculates pixel values G_(B) and R_(B)of the G and R pixels at the position of the target pixel by followingformulas

G _(B) =B×(G/B _(G)) and R _(B) =B×(R/B _(R)).

In the color imaging apparatus according to another aspect of thepresent invention, the direction determination unit determines thatthere is no correlation direction when difference values of the pixelvalues of the pixels adjacent to each other in the horizontal, vertical,and oblique (NE, NW) directions are equal, and if the directiondetermination unit determines that there is no correlation direction,the demosaicing processing unit uses the pixel value of a pixel ofanother color near the pixel position of the target pixel of thedemosaicing processing to calculate the pixel value of the another colorat the pixel position.

In the color imaging apparatus according to another aspect of thepresent invention, the color filters include R filters, G filters, and Bfilters corresponding to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors, andthe filter array includes: a first array corresponding to 3×3 pixels,the first array including G filters arranged at a center and fourcorners, B filters vertically arranged across the G filter at thecenter, and R filters horizontally arranged across the G filter at thecenter; and a second array corresponding to 3×3 pixels, the second arrayincluding G filters arranged at a center and four corners, R filtersvertically arranged across the G filter at the center, and B filtershorizontally arranged across the G filter at the center, wherein thefirst and second arrays are alternately arranged in the horizontal andvertical directions.

According to the color filter array with the configuration, when 5×5pixels (local area of mosaic image) are extracted around the first orsecond array, there are 2×2 G pixels at four corners of the 5×5 pixels.The pixel values of the 2×2 G pixels can be used to determine thecorrelation direction of the four directions.

In the color imaging apparatus according to another aspect of thepresent invention, the color filters include R filters, G filters, and Bfilters corresponding to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors, andthe filter array includes: a first array corresponding to 3×3 pixels,the first array including an R filter arranged at a center, B filtersarranged at four corners, and G filters vertically and horizontallyarranged across the R filter at the center; and a second arraycorresponding to 3×3 pixels, the second array including a B filterarranged at a center, R filters arranged at four corners, and G filtersvertically and horizontally arranged across the B filter at the center,wherein the first and second arrays are alternately arranged in thehorizontal and vertical directions.

According to the color filter array with the configuration, when 5×5pixels (local area of mosaic image) are extracted around the first orsecond array, there are G pixels adjacent to each other in thehorizontal and vertical directions across the pixel (R pixel or B pixel)at the center of the 5×5 pixels. The pixel values of the G pixels (eightpixels in total) can be used to determine the correlation direction ofthe four directions.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

According to the present invention, a color imaging element includingcolor filters including sections where two or more first filters thatmost contribute to obtaining luminance signals are adjacent to eachother in horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions (fourdirections) is used. The color imaging element includes the firstfilters and second filters corresponding to two or more second colorsother than a first color that are periodically arranged in lines in thehorizontal and vertical directions. A correlation direction of luminanceis determined based on difference values of pixel values of pixelsadjacent to each other in the directions. Therefore, the pixel values atminimum pixel intervals can be used to determine the correlationdirection. In calculation of a pixel value of another color at a pixelposition of a target pixel of demosaicing processing extracted from amosaic image, the pixel value of a pixel of the another color in thedetermined correlation direction is used to calculate the pixel value ofthe another color at the pixel position of the target pixel. Therefore,the pixel value of the pixel of the another color can be accuratelyestimated, and generation of a false color at a high frequency sectioncan be suppressed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing embodiments of a color imagingapparatus according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a color filter array of color filtersarranged on a color imaging element of a first embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a basic array pattern included in the colorfilter array of the color imaging element of the first embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a state in which the basic array pattern of6×6 pixels included in the color filter array of the color imagingelement of the first embodiment is divided into A arrays and B arrays of3×3 pixels.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a state in which the basic array pattern of6×6 pixels included in the color filter array of the color imagingelement of the first embodiment are divided into A arrays and the Barrays of 3×3 pixels, and the A arrays and the B arrays are arranged.

FIG. 6 is a diagram used to explain a determination method of acorrelation direction of luminance and a pixel interpolation method indemosaicing processing.

FIG. 7A is a diagram showing an oblique high frequency image incident onthe color imaging element.

FIG. 7B is a diagram used to explain a determination method of thecorrelation direction when the oblique high frequency image is incidenton the color imaging element.

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a second embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a third embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a fourth embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a fifth embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a sixth embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a seventh embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a diagram used to explain a problem of a conventional colorimaging element including color filters in a Bayer array.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of a color imaging apparatusaccording to the present invention will be described in detail withreference to the attached drawings.

{Overall Configuration of Color Imaging Apparatus}

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing embodiments of the color imagingapparatus according to the present invention.

An imaging optical system 10 images a subject, and an optical imageindicating a subject image is formed on a light receiving surface of acolor imaging element 12 (color imaging element of a first embodiment).

The color imaging element 12 is a single-plate color imaging elementincluding: a plurality of pixels (not shown) including photoelectricconversion elements arranged in horizontal and vertical directions(two-dimensional array); and color filters in a predetermined colorfilter array arranged on light receiving surfaces of the pixels. Thecolor filter array of the color imaging element 12 is characterized byincluding: filters of all red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colorsperiodically arranged in lines in the horizontal and verticaldirections; and sections where two or more G filters corresponding to Gsthat most contribute to obtaining luminance signals are adjacent to eachother in horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions. Detailsof the color imaging element 12 will be described later.

The photoelectric conversion elements convert the subject image formedon the color imaging element 12 to signal charges corresponding toamounts of incident light. The signal charges accumulated on thephotoelectric conversion elements are sequentially read out from thecolor imaging element 12 as voltage signals (image signals)corresponding to the signal charges based on drive pulses provided froma drive unit 18 according to an instruction of a control unit 20. Theimage signals read out from the color imaging element 12 are R, G, and Bsignals indicating a mosaic image of R, G, and B corresponding to thecolor filter array of the color imaging element 12. The color imagingelement 12 is not limited to a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) color imagingelement and may be another type of imaging element such as a CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) imaging element.

The image signals read out from the color imaging element 12 are inputto an image processing unit 14. The image processing unit 14 includes: acorrelated double sampling circuit (CDS) that removes reset noiseincluded in the image signals; an AGC (Automatic Gain Control) circuitthat amplifies the image signals and controls the size at a certainlevel; and an A/D converter. The image processing unit 14 applies acorrelated double sampling process to the input image signals andamplifies the image signals, and then outputs RAW data, which is formedby converting the image signals to digital image signals, to the imageprocessing unit 16.

The image processing unit 16 includes a white balance correctioncircuit, a gamma correction circuit, a demosaicing processing circuitaccording to the present invention (processing circuit that calculates(converts to synchronous system) all color information of RGB of thepixels from the mosaic image of RGB associated with the color filterarray of the single-plate color imaging element 12), a luminance/colordifference signal generation circuit, a contour correction circuit, acolor correction circuit, and the like. According to an instruction fromthe control unit 20, the image processing unit 16 applies requiredsignal processing to the RAW data of the mosaic image input from theimage processing unit 14 to generate image data (YUV data) includingluminance data (Y data) and color difference data (Cr, Cb data).

For still images, a compression/expansion processing circuit applies acompression process, which is compliant with a JPEG (joint photographicexperts group) standard, to the image data generated by the imageprocessing unit 16. For moving images, the compression/expansionprocessing circuit applies a compression process, which is compliantwith an MPEG2 (moving picture experts group) standard, to the imagedata. The image data is recorded in a recording medium (memory card) andis output and displayed on a display device (not shown) such as a liquidcrystal monitor.

Details of the processing by the demosaicing processing circuitaccording to the present invention in the image processing unit 16 willbe described later.

<Features of Color Filter Array>

The color filter array of the color imaging element 12 has the followingfeatures (1), (2), and (3).

{Feature (1)}

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the color filter array of the color filtersarranged on the color imaging element 12. As shown in FIG. 2, the colorfilter array of the color imaging element 12 includes a basic arraypattern P (pattern indicated by a thick frame) formed by a square arraypattern corresponding to 6×6 pixels, and the basic array pattern P isrepeatedly arranged in the horizontal and vertical directions.Therefore, the color filter array includes filters of R, G, and B colors(R filters, G filters, and B filters) arranged in a predetermined cycle.

In this way, the R filters, the G filters, and the B filters arearranged in a predetermined cycle. Therefore, the demosaicing processingand the like of the R, G, and B signals read out from the color imagingelement 12 can be processed according to the repeated pattern.

{Feature (2)}

In the color filter array shown in FIG. 2, the filters of all colors ofR, G, and B are arranged in the lines in the horizontal and verticaldirections of the basic array pattern P. Therefore, as described later,when a correlation direction is determined to be the horizontaldirection or the vertical direction in the demosaicing processing, apixel value of a pixel of another color in the horizontal direction orthe vertical direction can be used for interpolation. Therefore,generation of color moire (false color) can be suppressed. Since thegeneration of false color can be controlled, it is possible not toarrange an optical low-pass filter on an optical path from a plane ofincident to an imaging plane of the optical system. Even if the opticallow-pass filter is applied, a filter with less effect of cutting highfrequency components for preventing the generation of false color can beapplied, and a loss of resolution can be prevented.

FIG. 3 shows a state in which the basic array pattern P shown in FIG. 2is divided into four sets of 3×3 pixels.

As shown in FIG. 3, the basic array pattern P can be perceived as apattern including A arrays of 3×3 pixels surrounded by a frame of solidlines and B arrays of 3×3 pixels surrounded by a frame of broken linesalternately arranged in the horizontal and vertical directions as shownin FIG. 4.

Each of the A and B arrays includes G filters as luminance pixelsarranged at four corners and a center, and the G filters are arranged onboth diagonals. In the A array, the R filters are arranged in thehorizontal direction, and the B filters are arranged in the verticaldirection, across the G filter at the center. Meanwhile, in the B array,the B filters are arranged in the horizontal direction, and the Rfilters are arranged in the vertical direction, across the G filter atthe center. Therefore, although the positional relationship between theR and B filters is opposite in the A and B arrays, the rest of thearrangement is the same.

{Feature (3)}

The basic array pattern P of the color filter array shown in FIG. 2includes sections where two or more G filters are adjacent to each otherin the horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions. The colorfilter array including the basic array patterns P arranged in thehorizontal and vertical directions includes square arrays correspondingto 2×2 pixels of G filters.

This is because, as shown in FIG. 3, the G filters as luminance pixelsare arranged at the four corners and the center of 3×3 pixels in the Aand B arrays, and the 3×3 pixels are alternately arranged in thehorizontal and vertical directions to form the G filters of squarearrays corresponding to 2×2 pixels. The pixel values of the 2×2 pixelsof G filters can be used to calculate the correlation direction ofluminance (direction determination) in the horizontal direction, thevertical direction, and the oblique directions (NE, NW).

{Demosaicing Processing Circuit of Image Processing Unit 16}

The processing details of the demosaicing processing circuit of theimage processing unit 16 will be described.

As shown in FIG. 5, the G pixels of 2×2 pixels corresponding to the Gfilters are extracted from the mosaic image output from the colorimaging element 12. When the pixel values of the G pixels are defined asG1, G2, G3, and G4 in the order from upper left to lower right, adirection determination circuit included in the demosaicing processingcircuit calculates a difference absolute value of each direction.

More specifically, the difference absolute value in the verticaldirection is (|G1−G3|+|G2−G4|)/2. The difference absolute value in thehorizontal direction is (|G1−G2|+|G3−G4|)/2. The difference absolutevalue in an upper right oblique direction is |G2−G3|. The differenceabsolute value in an upper left oblique direction is |G1−G4|.

The direction determination circuit determines that there is acorrelation (correlation direction) in the direction with the minimumdifference absolute value among the four correlation absolute values.

When a local area of 5×5 pixels is extracted from the mosaic image sothat the A array of 3×3 pixels (see FIG. 3) is positioned at the centeras shown in FIG. 6, the G pixels of 2×2 pixels are arranged at fourcorners. Therefore, when the 3×3 pixels of the A array in the local areaare target pixels of the demosaicing processing, the directiondetermination circuit calculates sums (or average values) of thecorrelation absolute values in the directions at four corners anddetermines the direction with the minimum value among the sums (or theaverage values) of the correlation absolute values in the directions asthe correlation direction of luminance in the target pixels of thedemosaicing processing.

When a pattern as shown in FIG. 7A is input (black is 0 and white is255), the sum of the difference absolute values in the verticaldirection of the pixel values of 2×2 G pixels at four corners shown inFIG. 7B is |0−255|×8=2040, and the sum of the difference absolute valuesin the horizontal direction is also |0−255|×8=2040. Meanwhile, the sumof the difference absolute values in the upper right oblique directionis |255−255|×2+|0−0|×2=0, and the sum of the difference absolute valuesin the upper left oblique direction is |0−0|×2+|255−255|×2=0. Therefore,there are two directions (the upper right oblique direction and theupper left oblique direction) with the minimum sum of the differenceabsolute values. However, an oblique maximum frequency is input in thepattern of FIG. 7A, and any one of the oblique directions can beadopted.

As described, since the correlation direction is determined from the 2×2G pixels adjacent to each other, the correlation direction can bedetermined at minimum pixel intervals. Therefore, the correlationdirection can be accurately determined without being affected by thehigh frequency wave.

In the embodiment, although the direction with the minimum change in theluminance (correlation direction with high correlation) is determinedbased on the difference values of the pixel values of adjacent G pixels,the arrangement is not limited to this. The direction with the minimumchange in the luminance may be determined based on ratios of the pixelsvalues of the adjacent G pixels. When the change in the luminance isdetermined based on the ratios of the pixel values of the adjacent Gpixels, the direction with the ratio (average value of ratios when aplurality of ratios in four directions are calculated) closest to 1 isdetermined as the direction with the minimum change in the luminance.

A method of applying the demosaicing processing to the mosaic image ofRGB by the demosaicing processing circuit of the image processing unit16 will be described.

When the correlation direction in the target pixel of the demosaicingprocessing is determined, the demosaicing processing circuit uses thepixel value of a pixel of another color in the determined correlationdirection when calculating the pixel value of the another color at thepixel position of the target pixel of the demosaicing processing.

As shown in FIG. 4, there are pixels of all colors (R pixels, G pixels,and B pixels) in the horizontal and vertical directions. Therefore, ifit is determined that there is a correlation direction in the horizontalor vertical direction, the pixel value of a pixel of another color nearthe target pixel in the horizontal or vertical direction is acquired.The acquired pixel value of one pixel or a value obtained byinterpolating the pixel values of a plurality of pixels is set as thepixel value of the another color at the pixel position of the targetpixel.

For example, if it is determined that the correlation direction is thehorizontal direction, the pixel value of R12 or R32 is set as the pixelvalue of R at the pixel position of the pixel of G22 in FIG. 6, or thepixel values of R12 and R32 are interpolated to determine the pixelvalue.

Similarly, the pixel value of B02 or B42 is set as the pixel value of Bat the pixel position of the pixel of G22, or the pixel values of B02and B42 are interpolated to determine the pixel value.

The pixel value of R12 is set as the pixel value of R at the pixelposition of the pixel of B02, or the pixel values of R12 and R32 areinterpolated to determine the pixel value.

The pixel value of G22 is set as the pixel value of G at the pixelposition of the pixel of B02, or the pixel value of a G pixel at thesame horizontal position of the adjacent B array and the pixel value ofG22 are interpolated to determine the pixel value.

The pixel value of another color in the vertical direction can besimilarly used when it is determined that the correlation direction isthe vertical direction.

In the color filter array of the color imaging element 12 of the firstembodiment, there are only G pixels in the oblique directions (diagonaldirections) around the G pixel of the A array of 3×3 pixels. Therefore,if it is determined that the correlation direction is an obliquedirection with consecutive G pixels, the pixel values of the othercolors are calculated by interpolating the pixel value of the targetpixel based on color differences between the pixel values ofneighborhood R and B pixels where the pixel values of G are calculated.

As shown in FIG. 6, when it is determined that there is a correlationdirection toward oblique upper left as a result of the directiondetermination, there are no R and B pixels in the interpolationdirection of the pixel of G11. Therefore, color differences betweenpixel values R12 and R21 of the pixels of R12 and B21 near the pixel ofG11 and pixel values R12′ and G21′ of G at the pixel positions of thepixels are used to interpolate the pixel value G11 of G11 to calculatepixel values R11′ and B11′ of R and G at the pixel position of the pixelof G11.

Specifically, the interpolation is performed by the following formulas.

R11′=G11+(R12−G12′)  (a)

B11′=G11+(B21−B21′)  (b)

In Expressions (a) and (b), G12′=G01 and G21′=G10. Therefore, the pixelvalues G12′ and G21′ are pixel values of G at the pixel positions of thepixels of R12 and B21 estimated by the direction determination in theoblique left direction.

Similarly, color differences between the pixel positions of the pixelsof R12 and R32 near the R and B pixels at the pixel position of thepixel of G22 and the pixel positions of the pixels of B21 and B23 areused to interpolate the pixel value G22 of G22 to calculate the pixelvalues R22′ and B22′ of R and G at the pixel position of the pixel ofG22.

Specifically, the interpolation is performed by the following formulas.

R22′=G22+{(R12+R32)/2−(G12′+G32′)/2}  (c)

B22′=G22+{(B21+B23)/2−(G21′+G23′)/2}  (d)

In the formulas, G32′=G43 and G23′=G34.

When the demosaicing processing of all pixels of 3×3 pixels (A array) isfinished, the same processing (the direction determination and thedemosaicing processing) is applied to the target pixels of adjacent 3×3pixels (B array), and the processing is repeated while shifting theprocessing by 3×3 pixels.

As described, in the color filter array of the color imaging element 12,only G pixels may exist in the oblique directions in the calculation ofthe pixel values of R and B at the pixel position of the G pixel as thetarget pixel of the demosaicing processing. Depending on the colorfilter array, there can be a case in which the target pixel of thedemosaicing processing is an R pixel, and G pixels and B pixels do notexist in the oblique directions in the calculation of the pixel valuesof G and B at the pixel position. There can also be a case in which thetarget pixel of the demosaicing processing is a B pixel, and G pixelsand the R pixels do not exist in the oblique directions in thecalculation of the pixel values of G and R at the pixel position.

Even in these cases, the pixel values of the other colors can becalculated as in Expressions (a) to (d) by interpolating the pixelvalues of the target pixel based on the color differences between thepixel values of the neighborhood pixels where the pixel values of RGBare calculated.

The following is a summary of the method of calculating the pixel valuesof the other colors by interpolating the pixel values of the targetpixel based on the color differences between the neighborhood pixels.

When the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is a G pixel, thepixel value is G, and there are no R and B pixels in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination circuit, if thepixel values of the R and B pixels near the G pixel are R and B, and thepixel values of G at the pixel positions of the pixels are G_(R) andG_(B), pixel values R_(G) and B_(G) of the R and B pixels at theposition of the target pixel are calculated by the following formulas.

R _(G) =G+(R−G _(R)), B _(G) =G+(B−G _(B))  (1)

Expression (1) is equivalent to Expressions (a) and (b).

Similarly, when the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is an Rpixel, the pixel value is R, and there are no G and B pixels in thecorrelation direction determined by the direction determination circuit,if the pixel values of the G and B pixels near the R pixel are G and B,and the pixel values of R at the pixel positions of the pixels are R_(G)and R_(B), pixel values G_(R) and B_(R) of the G and B pixels at theposition of the target pixel are calculated by the following formulas.

G _(R) =R+(G−R _(G)), B _(R) =G+(B−R _(B))  (2)

When the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is a B pixel, thepixel value is B, and there are no G and R pixels in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination circuit, if thepixel values of the G and R pixels near the B pixel are G and R, and thepixel values of B at the pixel positions of the pixels are B_(G) andB_(R), pixel values G_(B) and R_(B) of the G and R pixels at theposition of the target pixel are calculated by the following formulas.

G _(B) =B+(G−B _(G)), R _(B) =B+(R−B _(R))  (3)

Other than Expressions (1) to (3), if there are a plurality of pixels inthe same color as the color to be interpolated and calculated near thetarget pixel of the demosaicing processing, an average color differenceof the plurality of pixels can be used for the interpolation as inExpressions (c) and (d).

In the embodiment, when there are no pixels of the other colors in thedetermined correlation direction with respect to the target pixel of thedemosaicing processing, the pixel values of the target pixel areinterpolated based on the color differences between the neighborhoodpixels of the other colors to calculate the pixel values of the othercolors. However, the arrangement is not limited to this. The pixelvalues of the target pixel may be interpolated based on color ratios ofthe neighborhood pixels of the other colors to calculate the pixelvalues of the other colors.

A specific example of a method of calculating the pixel values of theother colors by interpolating the pixel values of the target pixel basedon the color ratios of the neighborhood pixels will be described below.

When the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is a G pixel, thepixel value is G, and there are no R and B pixels in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination circuit, if thepixel values of the R and B pixels near the G pixel are R and B, and thepixel values of G at the pixel positions of the pixels are G_(R) andG_(B), the pixel values R_(G) and B_(G) of the R and B pixels at theposition of the target pixel are calculated by the following formulas.

R _(G) =G×(R/G _(R)), B _(G) =G×(B/G _(B))  (4)

Similarly, when the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is an Rpixel, the pixel value is R, and there are no G and B pixels in thecorrelation direction determined by the direction determination circuit,if the pixel values of the G and B pixels near the R pixel are G and B,and the pixel values of R at the pixel positions of the pixels are R_(G)and R_(B), the pixel values G_(R) and B_(R) of the G and B pixels at theposition of the target pixel are calculated by the following formulas.

G _(B) =R×(G/R _(G)), B _(B) =R×(B/R _(B))  (5)

When the target pixel of the demosaicing processing is a B pixel, thepixel value is B, and there are no G and R pixels in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination circuit, if thepixel values of the G and R pixels near the B pixel are G and R, and thepixel values of B at the pixel positions of the pixels are B_(G) andB_(R), the pixel values G_(B) and R_(B) of the G and R pixels at theposition of the target pixel are calculated by the following formulas.

G _(B) =B×(G/B _(G)), R _(B) =B×(R/B _(R))  (6)

The present invention is based on a color imaging element including R,G, and B pixels periodically arranged in the lines in the horizontal andvertical directions. However, when a color imaging element that alsoincludes R, G, and B pixels periodically arranged in the oblique (NE,NW) directions is used, the pixel values of the other colors do not haveto be interpolated and calculated by Expressions (1) to (6) or the like.

When the difference absolute values of the pixel values of the G pixelsadjacent to each other in the horizontal, vertical and oblique (NE, NW)directions are equal to each other (when the difference absolute valuesare 0 or substantially 0 in all directions), the direction determinationcircuit determines that there is no correlation direction. In this case,the pixel values of the pixels of the other colors near the pixelposition are used for the pixel values of the other colors at the pixelposition of the target pixel of the demosaicing processing.

Second Embodiment of Color Imaging Element

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a second embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention. FIG. 8 particularly shows acolor filter array of the color filters arranged on the color imagingelement.

As shown in FIG. 8, the color filter array of the color imaging elementincludes basic array patterns formed by square array patternscorresponding to 6×6 pixels, and the basic array pattern is repeatedlyarranged in the horizontal and vertical directions. Therefore, the colorfilter array includes filters of R, G, and B colors (R filters, Gfilters, and B filters) arranged in a predetermined cycle.

The color filter array shown in FIG. 8 includes filters of all colors ofR, G, and B arranged in the lines in the horizontal and verticaldirections of the basic array pattern.

If the basic array pattern is divided into four sets of 3×3 pixels asshown in FIG. 8, the basic array pattern can also be perceived as acolor filter array including A arrays of 3×3 pixels surrounding byframes of solid lines and B arrays of 3×3 pixels surrounded by frames ofbroken lines that are alternately arranged in the horizontal andvertical directions.

In the A array, the R filter is arranged at the center of 3×3 pixels,the B filters are arranged at four corners, and the G filters arevertically and horizontally arranged across the R filter at the center.Meanwhile, in the B array, the B filter is arranged at the center of 3×3pixels, the R filters are arranged at four corners, and the G filtersare vertically and horizontally arranged across the B filter at thecenter. Therefore, although the positional relationship between the Rand B filters is opposite in the A and B arrays, the rest of thearrangement is the same.

The color filter array shown in FIG. 8 includes sections where two Gfilters are adjacent to each other in the horizontal, vertical, andoblique (NE, NW) directions.

The G filters as luminance pixels are vertically and horizontallyarranged across the filter at the center of the 3×3 pixel group in the Aor B array. Therefore, if the 3×3 pixel groups are repeatedly arrangedin the horizontal and vertical directions, two pixels are arrangedadjacent to each other in the horizontal and vertical directions acrossthe filters at the centers of the 3×3 pixel groups.

According to the color filter array, the pixel values of the pixels(eight pixels in total) corresponding to the G filter as a luminancepixel allow determining the correlations of luminance in the horizontal,vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions based on the pixel values atminimum pixel intervals.

When 3×3 pixels corresponding to the A array are the target pixels ofthe demosaicing processing, there are consecutive G pixels in thehorizontal and vertical directions across the R pixel at the center (Gpixels are arranged in a cross shape). The correlations of luminance inthe horizontal and vertical directions can be calculated based on thepixel values of the consecutive G pixels in the horizontal and verticaldirections, and the correlations of luminance in the oblique directions(NE, NW) can be calculated from four vertical and horizontal G pixelsadjacent to the R pixel.

The color filter array of the color imaging element of the secondembodiment has the same features as the features (1), (2), and (3) ofthe color filter array of the color imaging element 12 of the firstembodiment. The direction determination and the pixel interpolationaccording to the present invention can be performed.

In the color filter array of the color imaging element of the secondembodiment, if, for example, the R pixel at the center of the A array orthe B pixel at the center of the B array is the target pixel of thedemosaicing processing, and it is determined that an oblique directionis the correlation direction, there are no G pixels in the obliquedirection. In this case, the pixel values of G can be calculated basedon Expressions (2) and (3) or Expressions (5) and (6).

Third Embodiment of Color Imaging Element

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a third embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention. FIG. 9 particularly shows acolor filter array of the color filters arranged on the color imagingelement.

As shown in FIG. 9, the color filter array of the color imaging elementincludes a basic array pattern (pattern indicated by a thick frame)formed by a square array pattern corresponding to 5×5 pixels. The basicarray pattern is repeatedly arranged in the horizontal and verticaldirections. Therefore, the color filter array includes filters of R, G,and B colors (R filters, G filters, and B filters) arranged in apredetermined cycle.

The color filter array shown in FIG. 9 includes filters of all colors ofR, G, and B arranged in the lines in the horizontal and verticaldirections of the basic array pattern.

In the basic array pattern, two or more consecutive G filters (G pixels)are arranged in the horizontal, vertical, and oblique directions (NE,NW). The pixel values of the consecutive G pixels allow determining thecorrelations of luminance in the horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE,NW) directions at minimum pixel intervals.

The color filter array of the color imaging element of the thirdembodiment has the same features as the features (1), (2), and (3) ofthe color filter array of the color imaging element 12 of the firstembodiment. The direction determination and the pixel interpolationaccording to the present invention can be performed.

Fourth Embodiment of Color Imaging Element

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a fourth embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention. FIG. 10 particularly shows acolor filter array of the color filters arranged on the color imagingelement.

As shown in FIG. 10, the color filter array of the color imaging elementincludes a basic array pattern (pattern indicated by a thick frame)formed by a square array pattern corresponding to 7×7 pixels, and thebasic array pattern is repeatedly arranged in the horizontal andvertical directions. Therefore, the color filter array includes filtersof R, G, and B colors (R filters, G filters, and B filters) arranged ina predetermined cycle.

In the color filter array shown in FIG. 10, the filters of all colors ofR, G, and B are arranged in the lines in the horizontal and verticaldirections of the basic array pattern.

In the basic array pattern, consecutive G filters (G pixels) arearranged in the horizontal, vertical, and oblique directions (NE, NW).More specifically, there are four sets of vertically and horizontallyconsecutive 2×2 G pixels in the basic array pattern.

The pixel values of the consecutive G pixels allow determining thecorrelations of luminance in the horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE,NW) directions at minimum pixel intervals.

The color filter array of the color imaging element of the fourthembodiment has the same features as the features (1), (2), and (3) ofthe color filter array of the color imaging element 12 of the firstembodiment. The direction determination and the pixel interpolationaccording to the present invention can be performed.

Fifth Embodiment of Color Imaging Element

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a fifth embodiment of the color imagingelement applied to the present invention. FIG. 11 particularly shows acolor filter array of the color filters arranged on the color imagingelement.

As shown in FIG. 11, the color filter array of the color imaging elementincludes a basic array pattern (pattern indicated by a thick frame)formed by a square array pattern corresponding to 8×8 pixels, and thebasic array pattern is repeatedly arranged in the horizontal andvertical directions. Therefore, the color filter array includes filtersof R, G, and B colors (R filters, G filters, and B filters) arranged ina predetermined cycle.

The color filter array shown in FIG. 11 includes filters of all colorsof R, G, and B arranged in the lines in the horizontal and verticaldirections of the basic array pattern.

In the basic array pattern, consecutive G filters (G pixels) arearranged in the horizontal, vertical, and oblique directions (NE, NW).More specifically, there are four sets of G pixels including verticallyand horizontally consecutive 2×2 pixels in the basic array pattern.

The pixel values of the consecutive G pixels allow determining thecorrelations of luminance in the horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE,NW) directions at minimum pixel intervals.

The color filter array of the color imaging element of the fifthembodiment has the same features as the features (1), (2), and (3) ofthe color filter array of the color imaging element 12 of the firstembodiment. The direction determination and the pixel interpolationaccording to the present invention can be performed.

Sixth and Seventh Embodiments of Color Imaging Element

FIGS. 12 and 13 are diagrams respectively showing sixth and seventhembodiments of the color imaging element applied to the presentinvention. FIGS. 12 and 13 particularly show color filter arrays of thecolor filters arranged on the color imaging element.

The color filter array of the color imaging element of the sixthembodiment shown in FIG. 12 includes the A arrays of 3×3 pixels of thefirst embodiment shown in FIG. 3 arranged in the horizontal and verticaldirections.

Meanwhile, the color filter array of the color imaging element of theseventh embodiment shown in FIG. 13 includes the B arrays of 3×3 pixelsof the first embodiment shown in FIG. 3 arranged in the horizontal andvertical directions.

The basic array patterns are small (3×3 pixels) in the color filterarrays of the color imaging element of the sixth and seventhembodiments, and there is an advantageous effect that the demosaicingprocessing of the R, G, and B signals is facilitated.

Meanwhile, the filters of all colors of R, G, and B are not arranged inthe lines in the horizontal and vertical directions in the basic arraypatterns, and the arrays do not have the feature (2) of the color filterarray of the color imaging element 12 of the first embodiment. However,the arrays have the same features as the features (1) and (3), and thedirection determination and the pixel interpolation according to thepresent invention can be performed.

Others

Although the color imaging apparatus including the color imaging elementwith color filters of three primary colors of RGB has been described inthe embodiments, the present invention is not limited to this. Thepresent invention can also be applied to a color imaging apparatusincluding a color imaging element with color filters of four colorsincluding three primary colors of RGB and another color (for example,emerald (E)).

The present invention can also be applied to a color imaging apparatusincluding a color imaging element with color filters of fourcomplementary colors including G in addition to C (cyan), M (magenta),and Y (yellow) that are complementary colors of the primary colors RGB.

It is obvious that the present invention is not limited to theembodiments, and various modifications can be made without departingfrom the spirit of the present invention.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   -   10 . . . imaging optical system, 12 . . . color imaging element,        14 . . . image processing unit, image processing unit, 18 . . .        drive unit, 20 . . . control unit

1. A color imaging apparatus comprising: a single-plate color imagingelement comprising: a plurality of pixels including photoelectricconversion elements arranged in horizontal and vertical directions; andcolor filters of a predetermined color filter array arranged on theplurality of pixels, wherein the color filter array includes firstfilters corresponding to a first color that most contributes toobtaining luminance signals and second filters corresponding to two ormore second colors other than the first color, the first and secondfilters being periodically arranged, and the first filters include twoor more sections adjacent to each other in horizontal, vertical, andoblique (NE, NW) directions; an image acquisition unit that acquires amosaic image corresponding to the color filter array from the colorimaging element; a direction determination unit that acquires, for atarget pixel of demosaicing processing extracted from the mosaic image,pixel values of pixels corresponding to the first filters near thetarget pixel and adjacent to each other in the horizontal, vertical, andoblique (NE, NW) directions and that determines which one of thehorizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions is a correlationdirection of luminance based on the pixel values of the adjacent pixels;a demosaicing processing unit that calculates a pixel value of anothercolor at a pixel position of the target pixel of the demosaicingprocessing extracted from the mosaic image and that uses one or morepixel values of one or more pixels of another color in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination unit to calculatethe pixel value; and a control unit that repeatedly operates thedirection determination unit and the demosaicing processing unit whileshifting the target pixel of the demosaicing processing extracted fromthe mosaic image by a target pixel unit of the demosaicing processing,wherein the color filter array includes a basic array pattern includingthe first and second filters, the basic array pattern is repeatedlyarranged in the horizontal and vertical directions, and one or more ofthe first filters and one of more of the second filters are arranged ineach line in the horizontal and vertical directions of the basic arraypattern.
 2. A color imaging apparatus comprising: a single-plate colorimaging element comprising: a plurality of pixels includingphotoelectric conversion elements arranged in horizontal and verticaldirections; and color filters of a predetermined color filter arrayarranged on the plurality of pixels, wherein the color filter arrayincludes first filters corresponding to a first color that mostcontributes to obtaining luminance signals and second filterscorresponding to two or more second colors other than the first color,the first and second filters being periodically arranged, and the firstfilters include two or more sections adjacent to each other inhorizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions; an imageacquisition unit that acquires a mosaic image corresponding to the colorfilter array from the color imaging element; a direction determinationunit that acquires, for a target pixel of demosaicing processingextracted from the mosaic image, pixel values of pixels corresponding tothe first filters near the target pixel and adjacent to each other inthe horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions and thatdetermines which one of the horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW)directions is a correlation direction of luminance based on the pixelvalues of the adjacent pixels; a demosaicing processing unit thatcalculates a pixel value of another color at a pixel position of thetarget pixel of the demosaicing processing extracted from the mosaicimage and that uses one or more pixel values of one or more pixels ofanother color in the correlation direction determined by the directiondetermination unit to calculate the pixel value; and a control unit thatrepeatedly operates the direction determination unit and the demosaicingprocessing unit while shifting the target pixel of the demosaicingprocessing extracted from the mosaic image by a target pixel unit of thedemosaicing processing, wherein in the color filter array, the firstfilters are arranged at a center and four corners of a 3×3 pixel group,and the 3×3 pixel group is repeatedly arranged in the horizontal andvertical directions.
 3. A color imaging apparatus comprising: asingle-plate color imaging element comprising: a plurality of pixelsincluding photoelectric conversion elements arranged in horizontal andvertical directions; and color filters of a predetermined color filterarray arranged on the plurality of pixels, wherein the color filterarray includes first filters corresponding to a first color that mostcontributes to obtaining luminance signals and second filterscorresponding to two or more second colors other than the first color,the first and second filters being periodically arranged, and the firstfilters include two or more sections adjacent to each other inhorizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions; an imageacquisition unit that acquires a mosaic image corresponding to the colorfilter array from the color imaging element; a direction determinationunit that acquires, for a target pixel of demosaicing processingextracted from the mosaic image, pixel values of pixels corresponding tothe first filters near the target pixel and adjacent to each other inthe horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions and thatdetermines which one of the horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW)directions is a correlation direction of luminance based on the pixelvalues of the adjacent pixels; a demosaicing processing unit thatcalculates a pixel value of another color at a pixel position of thetarget pixel of the demosaicing processing extracted from the mosaicimage and that uses one or more pixel values of one or more pixels ofanother color in the correlation direction determined by the directiondetermination unit to calculate the pixel value; and a control unit thatrepeatedly operates the direction determination unit and the demosaicingprocessing unit while shifting the target pixel of the demosaicingprocessing extracted from the mosaic image by a target pixel unit of thedemosaicing processing, wherein in the color filter array, the firstfilters are vertically and horizontally arranged across a filter at acenter of a 3×3 pixel group, and the 3×3 pixel group is repeatedlyarranged in the horizontal and vertical directions.
 4. The color imagingapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the direction determination unitcalculates difference absolute values of pixel values of adjacent pixelsin each of the horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions anddetermines a direction with a minimum difference absolute value amongthe difference absolute values in the directions as the correlationdirection.
 5. The color imaging apparatus according to claim 1, whereinthe direction determination unit calculates ratios of pixel values ofadjacent pixels in each of the horizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE,NW) directions and determines a direction with the ratio closest to 1among the ratios in the directions as the correlation direction.
 6. Thecolor imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the demosaicingprocessing unit sets the pixel value of a pixel of another color in thecorrelation direction determined by the direction determination unit asthe pixel value of the another color at the pixel position of the targetpixel, or sets a value obtained by interpolating the pixel values of aplurality of pixels of another color in the correlation directiondetermined by the direction determination unit as the pixel value of theanother color at the pixel position of the target pixel.
 7. A colorimaging apparatus comprising: a single-plate color imaging elementcomprising: a plurality of pixels including photoelectric conversionelements arranged in horizontal and vertical directions; and colorfilters of a predetermined color filter array arranged on the pluralityof pixels, wherein the color filter array includes first filterscorresponding to a first color that most contributes to obtainingluminance signals and second filters corresponding to two or more secondcolors other than the first color, the first and second filters beingperiodically arranged, and the first filters include two or moresections adjacent to each other in horizontal, vertical, and oblique(NE, NW) directions; an image acquisition unit that acquires a mosaicimage corresponding to the color filter array from the color imagingelement; a direction determination unit that acquires, for a targetpixel of demosaicing processing extracted from the mosaic image, pixelvalues of pixels corresponding to the first filters near the targetpixel and adjacent to each other in the horizontal, vertical, andoblique (NE, NW) directions and that determines which one of thehorizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions is a correlationdirection of luminance based on the pixel values of the adjacent pixels;a demosaicing processing unit that calculates a pixel value of anothercolor at a pixel position of the target pixel of the demosaicingprocessing extracted from the mosaic image and that uses one or morepixel values of one or more pixels of another color in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination unit to calculatethe pixel value; and a control unit that repeatedly operates thedirection determination unit and the demosaicing processing unit whileshifting the target pixel of the demosaicing processing extracted fromthe mosaic image by a target pixel unit of the demosaicing processing,wherein if there is no pixel of the another color in the correlationdirection determined by the direction determination unit, thedemosaicing processing unit interpolates the pixel value of the targetpixel based on a color difference or a color ratio at the pixelpositions of the pixels of the another color near the target pixel tocalculate the pixel value of the another color.
 8. The color imagingapparatus according to claim 7, wherein the color filters include Rfilters, G filters, and B filters corresponding to red (R), green (G),and blue (B) colors, wherein when the target pixel of the demosaicingprocessing is a G pixel, the pixel value is G, and there are no R and Bpixels in the correlation direction determined by the directiondetermination unit, if the pixel values of R and B pixels near the Gpixel are R and B, and the pixel values of G at the pixel positions ofthe pixels are G_(R) and G_(B), the demosaicing processing unitcalculates pixel values R_(G) and B_(G) of the R and B pixels at theposition of the target pixel by following formulasR _(G) =G+(R−G _(R)) and B _(G) =G+(B−G _(B)), wherein when the targetpixel of the demosaicing processing is an R pixel, the pixel value is R,and there are no G and B pixels in the correlation direction determinedby the direction determination unit, if the pixel values of G and Bpixels near the R pixel are G and B, and the pixel values of R at thepixel positions of the pixels are R_(G) and R_(B), the demosaicingprocessing unit calculates pixel values G_(R) and B_(R) of the G and Bpixels at the position of the target pixel by following formulasG _(R) =R+(G−R _(G)) and B _(R) =R+(B−R _(B)), and wherein when thetarget pixel of the demosaicing processing is a B pixel, the pixel valueis B, and there are no G and R pixels in the correlation directiondetermined by the direction determination unit, if the pixel values of Gand R pixels near the B pixel are G and R, and the pixel values of B atthe pixel positions of the pixels are B_(G) and B_(R), the demosaicingprocessing unit calculates pixel values G_(B) and R_(B) of the G and Rpixels at the position of the target pixel by following formulasG _(B) =B+(G−B _(G)) and R _(B) =B+(R−B _(R)).
 9. The color imagingapparatus according to claim 7, wherein the color filters include Rfilters, G filters, and B filters corresponding to red (R), green (G),and blue (B) colors, wherein when the target pixel of the demosaicingprocessing is a G pixel, the pixel value is G, and there are no R and Bpixels in the correlation direction determined by the directiondetermination unit, if the pixel values of R and B pixels near the Gpixel are R and B, and the pixel values of G at the pixel positions ofthe pixels are G_(R) and G_(B), the demosaicing processing unitcalculates pixel values R_(G) and B_(G) of the R and B pixels at theposition of the target pixel by following formulasR _(G) =G×(R/G _(R)) and B _(G) =G×(B/G _(B)), wherein when the targetpixel of the demosaicing processing is an R pixel, the pixel value is R,and there are no G and B pixels in the correlation direction determinedby the direction determination unit, if the pixel values of G and Bpixels near the R pixel are G and B, and the pixel values of R at thepixel positions of the pixels are R_(G) and R_(B), the demosaicingprocessing unit calculates pixel values G_(R) and B_(R) of the G and Bpixels at the position of the target pixel by following formulasG _(R) =R×(G/R _(G)) and B _(R) =R×(B/R _(B)), and wherein when thetarget pixel of the demosaicing processing is a B pixel, the pixel valueis B, and there are no G and R pixels in the correlation directiondetermined by the direction determination unit, if the pixel values of Gand R pixels near the B pixel are G and R, and the pixel values of B atthe pixel positions of the pixels are B_(G) and B_(R), the demosaicingprocessing unit calculates pixel values G_(B) and R_(B) of the G and Rpixels at the position of the target pixel by following formulasG _(B) =B×(G/B _(G)) and R _(B) =B×(R/B _(R)).
 10. The color imagingapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the direction determination unitdetermines that there is no correlation direction when difference valuesof the pixel values of the pixels adjacent to each other in thehorizontal, vertical, and oblique (NE, NW) directions are equal, and ifthe direction determination unit determines that there is no correlationdirection, the demosaicing processing unit uses the pixel value of apixel of another color near the pixel position of the target pixel ofthe demosaicing processing to calculate the pixel value of the anothercolor at the pixel position.
 11. The color imaging apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein the color filters include R filters, G filters, andB filters corresponding to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors, andthe filter array includes: a first array corresponding to 3×3 pixels,the first array including G filters arranged at a center and fourcorners, B filters vertically arranged across the G filter at thecenter, and R filters horizontally arranged across the G filter at thecenter; and a second array corresponding to 3×3 pixels, the second arrayincluding G filters arranged at a center and four corners, R filtersvertically arranged across the G filter at the center, and B filtershorizontally arranged across the G filter at the center, wherein thefirst and second arrays are alternately arranged in the horizontal andvertical directions.
 12. The color imaging apparatus according to claim2, wherein the color filters include R filters, G filters, and B filterscorresponding to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors, and the filterarray includes: a first array corresponding to 3×3 pixels, the firstarray including G filters arranged at a center and four corners, Bfilters vertically arranged across the G filter at the center, and Rfilters horizontally arranged across the G filter at the center; and asecond array corresponding to 3×3 pixels, the second array including Gfilters arranged at a center and four corners, R filters verticallyarranged across the G filter at the center, and B filters horizontallyarranged across the G filter at the center, wherein the first and secondarrays are alternately arranged in the horizontal and verticaldirections.
 13. The color imaging apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the color filters include R filters, G filters, and B filterscorresponding to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors, and the filterarray includes: a first array corresponding to 3×3 pixels, the firstarray including an R filter arranged at a center, B filters arranged atfour corners, and G filters vertically and horizontally arranged acrossthe R filter at the center; and a second array corresponding to 3×3pixels, the second array including a B filter arranged at a center, Rfilters arranged at four corners, and G filters vertically andhorizontally arranged across the B filter at the center, wherein thefirst and second arrays are alternately arranged in the horizontal andvertical directions.
 14. The color imaging apparatus according to claim3, wherein the color filters include R filters, G filters, and B filterscorresponding to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors, and the filterarray includes: a first array corresponding to 3×3 pixels, the firstarray including an R filter arranged at a center, B filters arranged atfour corners, and G filters vertically and horizontally arranged acrossthe R filter at the center; and a second array corresponding to 3×3pixels, the second array including a B filter arranged at a center, Rfilters arranged at four corners, and G filters vertically andhorizontally arranged across the B filter at the center, wherein thefirst and second arrays are alternately arranged in the horizontal andvertical directions.